The estimates for options in this report that increase indirect taxes or employer contributions for payroll taxes include an offset that accounts for that reduction. Options that would increase an excise tax (or any other indirect tax imposed at an intermediate stage of production and sale) or the employer contribution for payroll taxes would reduce the amount of income subject to income and payroll taxes. However, they do not incorporate macroeconomic effects-that is, behavioral changes that affect total output in the economy. The estimates in this report generally reflect changes in the behavior of individuals, businesses, and other entities. For additional information, including more detailed background information, a discussion of the basis of the estimates, the largest sources of uncertainty, and arguments for and against the change, see the version of that option in the 2018 volume. This report includes some background information and a description of the policy involved for each option.
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